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| This glossary contains: 19186 medical terms |
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Cyclic AMP
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Cyclic AMP A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic AMP is derived from ATP. Many endocrine hormones use cyclic AMP as their second messenger.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Hormone
A chemical substance formed in the body that is carried in the bloodstream to affect another part of the body; an example is thyroid hormone, produced by the thyroid gland in the neck, which affects growth, temperature regulation, metabolic rate, and other body functions.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate.
Endocrine
Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make and secrete them into the bloodstream through which they travel to affect distant organs. The endocrine sites include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, heart (which makes atrial-natriuretic peptide), the stomach and intestines, islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the kidney (which makes renin, erythropoietin, and calcitriol), fat cells (which make leptin). the testes, the ovarian follicle (estrogens) and the corpus luteum in the ovary). Endocrine is as opposed to exocrine. (The exocrine glands include the salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.)
Hormones
Biological compounds that communicate information at a distance. Hormones require specific receptors to begin their biological action and use second messengers to initiate the cellular process that uses that information.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cyclaine
Cyclaine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): hexylcaine hydrochloride.
Cyclamate
A man-made chemical that people used instead of sugar. The Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of cyclamates in 1973 because lab tests showed that large amounts of cyclamates can cause bladder cancer in rats.
Cyclapen-w
Cyclapen-w is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cycle, cell
The sequence of events within the cell between mitotic (cell) divisions.
Cyclessa
Cyclessa is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): desogestrel; ethinyl estradiol.
Cyclic citrullinated peptide
A circular peptide containing the amino acid citrulline. Abbreviated CCP. Autoantibodies directed against CCP are found in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
A syndrome characterized by episodes, bouts, or cycles of severe nausea and vomiting that last for hours or even days and alternate with longer asymptomatic periods (with no symptoms). The cause of the syndrome is unknown. Each episode is similar to previous ones and tends to start at about the same time of day, last the same length of time, and present the same symptoms at the same level of intensity. Episodes of CVS can be so severe that a person may have to stay in bed for days, unable to go to school or work. Because other common diseases and disorders can also cause cycles of vomiting, people with the syndrome may initially be misdiagnosed.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
Sudden, repeated attacks of severe vomiting (especially in children), nausea, and physical exhaustion with no apparent cause. Can last from a few hours to 10 days. The episodes begin and end suddenly. Loss of fluids in the body and changes in chemicals in the body can require immediate medical attention. Also called abdominal migraine.
Cyclin
One of a group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. The cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. The cyclins include cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, cyclin G, cyclin H, cyclin K, and cyclin T.
Cyclin D
A family of three closely related proteins termed cyclin D1, D2 and D3 that are expressed in an overlapping redundant fashion in all proliferating cell types and collectively control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Since the D-cyclins are essential to cell division, they may also be involved in cancer.
Cyclin E
A protein that is part of a molecular network that controls the cell cycle. There are a large number of cyclin proteins involved in this endeavor. Cyclin E specifically regulates the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. A high level of cyclin E accelerates the transition of the cell through the G1 phase.
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclobenzaprine hcl
Cyclobenzaprine hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclocort
Cyclocort is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): amcinonide.
Cyclogyl
Cyclogyl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclomydril
Cyclomydril is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride; phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cyclopar
Cyclopar is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): tetracycline hydrochloride.
Cyclopentolate hcl
Cyclopentolate hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclophosphamide.
Cyclopia
A congenital abnormality (birth defect) in which there is only one eye. That eye is centrally placed in the area normally occupied by the root of the nose. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.
Cycloplegia
A paralysis of the ciliary muscles following the instillation of eye drops. This produces a loss of accommodation or focusing ability. With the lens relaxed, a better estimate of the refractive error is possible in most cases. Most cycloplegic eye drops also dilate the pupil. Cycloplegia may last from a few hours to several days, depending on certain factors such as skin color – the lighter the longer.
Cyclops
A common freshwater crustacean. Some species of Cyclops serve as hosts for parasites such as the guinea worm, the cause of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
Cyclospora infection
Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a single-celled parasite. The first known human cases of illness caused by Cyclospora were reported in 1979. More recently, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been reported in the US and Canada. Cyclospora is spread by people ingesting water or food that was contaminated with infected stool. Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of fresh produce. People of all ages are at risk for the infection. The time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about 1 week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other symptoms can include loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse).
Cyclosporiasis
Infection with the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Cyclosporin
An immunosuppressive agent derived from fermentation of a soil fungi.
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclosporine.
Cyclosporine Level Test
A blood test that measures the amount of cyclosporine in the blood. Based on the amount of cyclosporine measured, a physician decides what dose of cyclosporine is appropriate for a patient.
Cyclothymia
A form of bipolar disorder in which the mood swings are less severe.
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
COX-2
Cyclooxygenase-2.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cytosine
One of the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases occurring in both DNA and RNA.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
The hormone released from the hypothalamus. It interacts with the pituitary to produce ACTH. This hormone uses cyclic AMP for its second messenger.
Cortisol
The hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to stress or low blood glucose. Its primary mode of action in times of stress is to shut down eicosanoid synthesis. Its synthesis in the adrenal gland requires the second messenger, cyclic AMP.
Cyclic AMP
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cartilage
A firm, flexible connective tissue. In vertebrates, the cartilage forms the skeleton in the early stages of development, after which it is largely replaced by bone. Some cartilage remains at the joints to give flexibility and support.
Cellulitis
An inflammation of the connective tissue underlying the skin that can be caused by a bacterial infection. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A procedure in which a small sample of cells are taken from the placenta through a small catheter placed up through the vagina and the cervix. This is done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis and is used to test for chromosomal and other biochemical abnormalities that may affect the health and well being of the baby.
Colon cancer
A malignant (cancerous) tumor arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Although the exact causes of colon cancer are not known, it appears that both hereditary and environmental factors, like what we eat, play a role in its development. The early stages of cancer may have no symptoms.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Hormone
A chemical substance formed in the body that is carried in the bloodstream to affect another part of the body; an example is thyroid hormone, produced by the thyroid gland in the neck, which affects growth, temperature regulation, metabolic rate, and other body functions.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate.
Endocrine
Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make and secrete them into the bloodstream through which they travel to affect distant organs. The endocrine sites include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, heart (which makes atrial-natriuretic peptide), the stomach and intestines, islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the kidney (which makes renin, erythropoietin, and calcitriol), fat cells (which make leptin). the testes, the ovarian follicle (estrogens) and the corpus luteum in the ovary). Endocrine is as opposed to exocrine. (The exocrine glands include the salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.)
Hormones
Biological compounds that communicate information at a distance. Hormones require specific receptors to begin their biological action and use second messengers to initiate the cellular process that uses that information.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cyclaine
Cyclaine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): hexylcaine hydrochloride.
Cyclamate
A man-made chemical that people used instead of sugar. The Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of cyclamates in 1973 because lab tests showed that large amounts of cyclamates can cause bladder cancer in rats.
Cyclapen-w
Cyclapen-w is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cycle, cell
The sequence of events within the cell between mitotic (cell) divisions.
Cyclessa
Cyclessa is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): desogestrel; ethinyl estradiol.
Cyclic citrullinated peptide
A circular peptide containing the amino acid citrulline. Abbreviated CCP. Autoantibodies directed against CCP are found in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
A syndrome characterized by episodes, bouts, or cycles of severe nausea and vomiting that last for hours or even days and alternate with longer asymptomatic periods (with no symptoms). The cause of the syndrome is unknown. Each episode is similar to previous ones and tends to start at about the same time of day, last the same length of time, and present the same symptoms at the same level of intensity. Episodes of CVS can be so severe that a person may have to stay in bed for days, unable to go to school or work. Because other common diseases and disorders can also cause cycles of vomiting, people with the syndrome may initially be misdiagnosed.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
Sudden, repeated attacks of severe vomiting (especially in children), nausea, and physical exhaustion with no apparent cause. Can last from a few hours to 10 days. The episodes begin and end suddenly. Loss of fluids in the body and changes in chemicals in the body can require immediate medical attention. Also called abdominal migraine.
Cyclin
One of a group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. The cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. The cyclins include cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, cyclin G, cyclin H, cyclin K, and cyclin T.
Cyclin D
A family of three closely related proteins termed cyclin D1, D2 and D3 that are expressed in an overlapping redundant fashion in all proliferating cell types and collectively control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Since the D-cyclins are essential to cell division, they may also be involved in cancer.
Cyclin E
A protein that is part of a molecular network that controls the cell cycle. There are a large number of cyclin proteins involved in this endeavor. Cyclin E specifically regulates the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. A high level of cyclin E accelerates the transition of the cell through the G1 phase.
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclobenzaprine hcl
Cyclobenzaprine hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclocort
Cyclocort is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): amcinonide.
Cyclogyl
Cyclogyl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclomydril
Cyclomydril is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride; phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cyclopar
Cyclopar is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): tetracycline hydrochloride.
Cyclopentolate hcl
Cyclopentolate hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclophosphamide.
Cyclopia
A congenital abnormality (birth defect) in which there is only one eye. That eye is centrally placed in the area normally occupied by the root of the nose. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.
Cycloplegia
A paralysis of the ciliary muscles following the instillation of eye drops. This produces a loss of accommodation or focusing ability. With the lens relaxed, a better estimate of the refractive error is possible in most cases. Most cycloplegic eye drops also dilate the pupil. Cycloplegia may last from a few hours to several days, depending on certain factors such as skin color – the lighter the longer.
Cyclops
A common freshwater crustacean. Some species of Cyclops serve as hosts for parasites such as the guinea worm, the cause of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
Cyclospora infection
Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a single-celled parasite. The first known human cases of illness caused by Cyclospora were reported in 1979. More recently, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been reported in the US and Canada. Cyclospora is spread by people ingesting water or food that was contaminated with infected stool. Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of fresh produce. People of all ages are at risk for the infection. The time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about 1 week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other symptoms can include loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse).
Cyclosporiasis
Infection with the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Cyclosporin
An immunosuppressive agent derived from fermentation of a soil fungi.
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclosporine.
Cyclosporine Level Test
A blood test that measures the amount of cyclosporine in the blood. Based on the amount of cyclosporine measured, a physician decides what dose of cyclosporine is appropriate for a patient.
Cyclothymia
A form of bipolar disorder in which the mood swings are less severe.
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
COX-2
Cyclooxygenase-2.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cytosine
One of the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases occurring in both DNA and RNA.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
The hormone released from the hypothalamus. It interacts with the pituitary to produce ACTH. This hormone uses cyclic AMP for its second messenger.
Cortisol
The hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to stress or low blood glucose. Its primary mode of action in times of stress is to shut down eicosanoid synthesis. Its synthesis in the adrenal gland requires the second messenger, cyclic AMP.
Cyclic AMP
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cartilage
A firm, flexible connective tissue. In vertebrates, the cartilage forms the skeleton in the early stages of development, after which it is largely replaced by bone. Some cartilage remains at the joints to give flexibility and support.
Cellulitis
An inflammation of the connective tissue underlying the skin that can be caused by a bacterial infection. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A procedure in which a small sample of cells are taken from the placenta through a small catheter placed up through the vagina and the cervix. This is done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis and is used to test for chromosomal and other biochemical abnormalities that may affect the health and well being of the baby.
Colon cancer
A malignant (cancerous) tumor arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Although the exact causes of colon cancer are not known, it appears that both hereditary and environmental factors, like what we eat, play a role in its development. The early stages of cancer may have no symptoms.
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This dictionary contains 19186 terms.
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