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| This glossary contains: 19186 medical terms |
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Cyclamate
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CyclamateA man-made chemical that people used instead of sugar. The Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of cyclamates in 1973 because lab tests showed that large amounts of cyclamates can cause bladder cancer in rats.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Sugar
A class of carbohydrates that taste sweet. Sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
Food
Any substance eaten to provide nutritional support for the body.
Bladder
A muscular triangular-shaped, hollow organ located in the pelvic cavity and supported by the pelvic floor muscles. The bladder stretches to store urine and contracts to release urine.
Cancer
Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cyclaine
Cyclaine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): hexylcaine hydrochloride.
Cyclapen-w
Cyclapen-w is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cycle, cell
The sequence of events within the cell between mitotic (cell) divisions.
Cyclessa
Cyclessa is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): desogestrel; ethinyl estradiol.
Cyclic AMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic AMP is derived from ATP. Many endocrine hormones use cyclic AMP as their second messenger.
Cyclic citrullinated peptide
A circular peptide containing the amino acid citrulline. Abbreviated CCP. Autoantibodies directed against CCP are found in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
A syndrome characterized by episodes, bouts, or cycles of severe nausea and vomiting that last for hours or even days and alternate with longer asymptomatic periods (with no symptoms). The cause of the syndrome is unknown. Each episode is similar to previous ones and tends to start at about the same time of day, last the same length of time, and present the same symptoms at the same level of intensity. Episodes of CVS can be so severe that a person may have to stay in bed for days, unable to go to school or work. Because other common diseases and disorders can also cause cycles of vomiting, people with the syndrome may initially be misdiagnosed.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
Sudden, repeated attacks of severe vomiting (especially in children), nausea, and physical exhaustion with no apparent cause. Can last from a few hours to 10 days. The episodes begin and end suddenly. Loss of fluids in the body and changes in chemicals in the body can require immediate medical attention. Also called abdominal migraine.
Cyclin
One of a group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. The cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. The cyclins include cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, cyclin G, cyclin H, cyclin K, and cyclin T.
Cyclin D
A family of three closely related proteins termed cyclin D1, D2 and D3 that are expressed in an overlapping redundant fashion in all proliferating cell types and collectively control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Since the D-cyclins are essential to cell division, they may also be involved in cancer.
Cyclin E
A protein that is part of a molecular network that controls the cell cycle. There are a large number of cyclin proteins involved in this endeavor. Cyclin E specifically regulates the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. A high level of cyclin E accelerates the transition of the cell through the G1 phase.
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclobenzaprine hcl
Cyclobenzaprine hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclocort
Cyclocort is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): amcinonide.
Cyclogyl
Cyclogyl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclomydril
Cyclomydril is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride; phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cyclopar
Cyclopar is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): tetracycline hydrochloride.
Cyclopentolate hcl
Cyclopentolate hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclophosphamide.
Cyclopia
A congenital abnormality (birth defect) in which there is only one eye. That eye is centrally placed in the area normally occupied by the root of the nose. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.
Cycloplegia
A paralysis of the ciliary muscles following the instillation of eye drops. This produces a loss of accommodation or focusing ability. With the lens relaxed, a better estimate of the refractive error is possible in most cases. Most cycloplegic eye drops also dilate the pupil. Cycloplegia may last from a few hours to several days, depending on certain factors such as skin color – the lighter the longer.
Cyclops
A common freshwater crustacean. Some species of Cyclops serve as hosts for parasites such as the guinea worm, the cause of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
Cyclospora infection
Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a single-celled parasite. The first known human cases of illness caused by Cyclospora were reported in 1979. More recently, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been reported in the US and Canada. Cyclospora is spread by people ingesting water or food that was contaminated with infected stool. Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of fresh produce. People of all ages are at risk for the infection. The time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about 1 week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other symptoms can include loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse).
Cyclosporiasis
Infection with the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Cyclosporin
An immunosuppressive agent derived from fermentation of a soil fungi.
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclosporine.
Cyclosporine Level Test
A blood test that measures the amount of cyclosporine in the blood. Based on the amount of cyclosporine measured, a physician decides what dose of cyclosporine is appropriate for a patient.
Cyclothymia
A form of bipolar disorder in which the mood swings are less severe.
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
Contraindication
A condition that makes a treatment not helpful or even harmful.
Controlled Disease
Taking care of oneself so that a disease has less of an effect on the body. People with diabetes can "control" the disease by staying on their diets, by exercising, by taking medicine if it is needed, and by monitoring their blood glucose. This care will help keep the glucose (sugar) level in the blood from becoming either too high or too low.
Conventional Therapy
A system of diabetes management practiced by most people with diabetes; the system consists of one or two insulin injections each day, daily self-monitoring of blood glucose, and a standard program of nutrition and exercise. The main objective in this form of treatment is to avoid very high and very low blood glucose (sugar). Also called: "Standard Therapy." |The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has shown that intensive therapy, rather than conventional therapy, can reduce the risk of complications.
Coronary Disease
Damage to the heart. Not enough blood flows through the vessels because they are blocked with fat or have become thick and hard; this harms the muscles of the heart. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of coronary disease.
Coxsackie B4 Virus
An agent that has been shown to damage the beta cells of the pancreas in lab tests. This virus may be one cause of insulin-dependent diabetes.
Cyclamate
CROWNS
A crown is a permanent restoration that covers a tooth to strengthen and protect a decayed tooth from further fracture. A crown also may be used to support a large filling when there is little tooth remaining. A crown can be made of different types of materials (gold, composite resin, porcelain or a combination of these materials) depending on the location and condition of the problem tooth. If properly cared for, a crown can last over 25 years.
Calcium-Channel Blocker
A drug that reduces spasm of the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina; acts by selectively blocking the uptake of calcium by the cells.
Carbon Dioxide
A gas created during metabolism, when the cells use oxygen to burn fat and release energy. The lungs release it when you breathe out.
Carbon Monoxide
A gas found in cigarette smoke; damages artery walls and reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Sugar
A class of carbohydrates that taste sweet. Sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
Food
Any substance eaten to provide nutritional support for the body.
Bladder
A muscular triangular-shaped, hollow organ located in the pelvic cavity and supported by the pelvic floor muscles. The bladder stretches to store urine and contracts to release urine.
Cancer
Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cyclaine
Cyclaine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): hexylcaine hydrochloride.
Cyclapen-w
Cyclapen-w is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclacillin.
Cycle, cell
The sequence of events within the cell between mitotic (cell) divisions.
Cyclessa
Cyclessa is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): desogestrel; ethinyl estradiol.
Cyclic AMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic AMP is derived from ATP. Many endocrine hormones use cyclic AMP as their second messenger.
Cyclic citrullinated peptide
A circular peptide containing the amino acid citrulline. Abbreviated CCP. Autoantibodies directed against CCP are found in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cyclic GMP
A second messenger that begins the biological response initiated by a hormone. Cyclic GMP is the second messenger induced by nitric oxide.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
A syndrome characterized by episodes, bouts, or cycles of severe nausea and vomiting that last for hours or even days and alternate with longer asymptomatic periods (with no symptoms). The cause of the syndrome is unknown. Each episode is similar to previous ones and tends to start at about the same time of day, last the same length of time, and present the same symptoms at the same level of intensity. Episodes of CVS can be so severe that a person may have to stay in bed for days, unable to go to school or work. Because other common diseases and disorders can also cause cycles of vomiting, people with the syndrome may initially be misdiagnosed.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
Sudden, repeated attacks of severe vomiting (especially in children), nausea, and physical exhaustion with no apparent cause. Can last from a few hours to 10 days. The episodes begin and end suddenly. Loss of fluids in the body and changes in chemicals in the body can require immediate medical attention. Also called abdominal migraine.
Cyclin
One of a group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. The cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. The cyclins include cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, cyclin G, cyclin H, cyclin K, and cyclin T.
Cyclin D
A family of three closely related proteins termed cyclin D1, D2 and D3 that are expressed in an overlapping redundant fashion in all proliferating cell types and collectively control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Since the D-cyclins are essential to cell division, they may also be involved in cancer.
Cyclin E
A protein that is part of a molecular network that controls the cell cycle. There are a large number of cyclin proteins involved in this endeavor. Cyclin E specifically regulates the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. A high level of cyclin E accelerates the transition of the cell through the G1 phase.
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclobenzaprine hcl
Cyclobenzaprine hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride.
Cyclocort
Cyclocort is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): amcinonide.
Cyclogyl
Cyclogyl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclomydril
Cyclomydril is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride; phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. This is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Cyclopar
Cyclopar is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): tetracycline hydrochloride.
Cyclopentolate hcl
Cyclopentolate hcl is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclophosphamide.
Cyclopia
A congenital abnormality (birth defect) in which there is only one eye. That eye is centrally placed in the area normally occupied by the root of the nose. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.
Cycloplegia
A paralysis of the ciliary muscles following the instillation of eye drops. This produces a loss of accommodation or focusing ability. With the lens relaxed, a better estimate of the refractive error is possible in most cases. Most cycloplegic eye drops also dilate the pupil. Cycloplegia may last from a few hours to several days, depending on certain factors such as skin color – the lighter the longer.
Cyclops
A common freshwater crustacean. Some species of Cyclops serve as hosts for parasites such as the guinea worm, the cause of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
Cyclospora infection
Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a single-celled parasite. The first known human cases of illness caused by Cyclospora were reported in 1979. More recently, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been reported in the US and Canada. Cyclospora is spread by people ingesting water or food that was contaminated with infected stool. Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of fresh produce. People of all ages are at risk for the infection. The time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about 1 week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other symptoms can include loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse).
Cyclosporiasis
Infection with the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Cyclosporin
An immunosuppressive agent derived from fermentation of a soil fungi.
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cyclosporine.
Cyclosporine Level Test
A blood test that measures the amount of cyclosporine in the blood. Based on the amount of cyclosporine measured, a physician decides what dose of cyclosporine is appropriate for a patient.
Cyclothymia
A form of bipolar disorder in which the mood swings are less severe.
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
Contraindication
A condition that makes a treatment not helpful or even harmful.
Controlled Disease
Taking care of oneself so that a disease has less of an effect on the body. People with diabetes can "control" the disease by staying on their diets, by exercising, by taking medicine if it is needed, and by monitoring their blood glucose. This care will help keep the glucose (sugar) level in the blood from becoming either too high or too low.
Conventional Therapy
A system of diabetes management practiced by most people with diabetes; the system consists of one or two insulin injections each day, daily self-monitoring of blood glucose, and a standard program of nutrition and exercise. The main objective in this form of treatment is to avoid very high and very low blood glucose (sugar). Also called: "Standard Therapy." |The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has shown that intensive therapy, rather than conventional therapy, can reduce the risk of complications.
Coronary Disease
Damage to the heart. Not enough blood flows through the vessels because they are blocked with fat or have become thick and hard; this harms the muscles of the heart. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of coronary disease.
Coxsackie B4 Virus
An agent that has been shown to damage the beta cells of the pancreas in lab tests. This virus may be one cause of insulin-dependent diabetes.
Cyclamate
CROWNS
A crown is a permanent restoration that covers a tooth to strengthen and protect a decayed tooth from further fracture. A crown also may be used to support a large filling when there is little tooth remaining. A crown can be made of different types of materials (gold, composite resin, porcelain or a combination of these materials) depending on the location and condition of the problem tooth. If properly cared for, a crown can last over 25 years.
Calcium-Channel Blocker
A drug that reduces spasm of the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina; acts by selectively blocking the uptake of calcium by the cells.
Carbon Dioxide
A gas created during metabolism, when the cells use oxygen to burn fat and release energy. The lungs release it when you breathe out.
Carbon Monoxide
A gas found in cigarette smoke; damages artery walls and reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease.
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This dictionary contains 19186 terms.
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